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What is an appraisal?
What does an appraiser do?
Why would a person need a home appraisal?
What is the difference between an appraisal and a home inspection?
What is the hope for homeowners?
What does the appraisal report contain?
After completing the report, what assurance is there that the value indicated is valid?
How are appraisers certified?
Who do appraisers work for?
Where does an appraiser get the information used to estimate value?
Why do I need a professional appraisal?
What exactly is PMI and how can I get rid of it?
How do I get ready for the appraiser?
What is ''Market Value?''
Who Actually Owns the Appraisal Report?
Which home renovations add the most to the price?
What is an appraisal? Back to top
An appraisal is a thought process leading to an opinion of value. This opinion or estimate is arrived at through a formal process that typically uses the three ''common approaches to value''. They are the Cost Approach - which is what it would cost to replace the improvements, less physical deterioration and other factors, plus the land value. There is the Sales Comparison Approach - which involves making a comparison to other similar, nearby properties which have recently sold. The Sales Comparison Approach is normally the most accurate and best indicator of value for a residential property. The third approach is the Income Approach, which is of most importance in appraising income producing properties - it involves estimating what an investor would pay based on the income produced by the property. For a more detailed description of the appraisal process click here: What is an appraisal?
What does an appraiser do? Back to top
An appraiser provides a professional, unbiased opinion of market value, to be used in making real estate decisions. Appraisers present their formal analysis in appraisal reports.
Why would a person need a home appraisal? Back to top
There are many reasons to obtain an appraisal with the most common reason being real estate and mortgage transactions. Other reasons for ordering an appraisal include:
To obtain a loan.
To lower your tax burden.
To establish the replacement cost of insurance.
To contest high property taxes.
To settle an estate.
To provide a negotiating tool when purchasing real estate.
To determine a reasonable price when selling real estate.
To protect your rights in a condemnation case.
Because a government agency such as the IRS requires it.
If you are involved in a lawsuit.
For more details on when you might need an appraisal click here: When to get an Appraisal
What is the difference between an appraisal and a home inspection? Back to top
The appraiser is not a home inspector nor does he/she do a complete home inspection. An inspection is a third-party evaluation of the accessible structure and mechanical systems of a house, from the roof to the foundation. The standard home inspector's report will include an evaluation of the condition of the home's heating system, central air conditioning system (temperature permitting), interior plumbing and electrical systems; the roof, attic, and visible insulation; walls, ceilings, floors, windows and doors; the foundation, basement, and visible structure.
What does an appraisal report contain? Back to top
Each report must reflect a credible estimate of value and must identify the following:
The client and other intended users.
The intended use of the report.
The purpose of the assignment.
The type of value reported and the definition of the value reported.
The effective date of the appraiser's opinions and conclusions.
Relevant property characteristics, including location attributes, physical attributes, legal attributes, economic attributes, the real property interest valued, and Non real estate items included in the appraisal, such as personal property, including trade fixtures and intangible items.
All known: easements, restrictions, encumbrances, leases, reservations, covenants, contracts, declarations, special assessments, ordinances, and other items of a similar nature.
Division of interest, such as fractional interest, physical segment and partial holding.
The scope of work used to complete the assignment.
After completing the report, what assurance is there that the value indicated is valid? Back to top
In communicating an appraisal report, each appraiser must ensure the following:
That the information analysis utilized in the appraisal was appropriate.
That significant errors of omission or commission were not committed individually or collectively.
That appraisal services were not rendered in a careless or negligent manner.
That a credible, supportable appraisal report was communicated.
New Mexico requires that real estate appraisers are state licensed or certified. The state licensed or certified appraiser is trained to render an unbiased opinion based upon extensive education and experience requirements. To become licensed or certified, appraisers must fulfill rigorous education and experience requirements. In addition, appraisers must abide by a strict industry code of ethics and comply with national standards of practice for real estate appraisal. The rules for developing an appraisal and reporting its results are insured by enforcement of the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP).
How are appraisers certified? Back to top
Regulations regarding licensing and certification of Real Estate Appraisers vary from state to state. However, licensing and certification is most often associated with many hours of coursework, tests and practical experience. Once an appraiser is licensed, he or she is required to take continuing education courses in order to keep the license current. To see the specific requirements for any state click here.
Who do appraisers work for? Back to top
Typically, appraisers are employed by lenders to estimate the value of real estate involved in a loan transaction. Appraisers also provide opinions in litigation cases, tax matters and investment decisions.
Where does an appraiser get the information used to estimate value? Back to top
Gathering data is one of the primary roles of an appraiser. Data can be divided into Specific and General. Specific data is gathered from the home itself. Location, condition, amenities, size and other specific data are gathered by the appraiser during an inspection.
General data is gathered from a number of sources. Local Multiple Listing Services (MLS) provide data on recently sold homes that might be used as comparables. Tax records and other public documents verify actual sales prices in a market. Flood zone data is gathered from FEMA data outlets. And most importantly, the appraiser gathers general data from his or her past experience in creating appraisals for other properties in the same market.
Why do I need a professional appraisal? Back to top
Anytime the value of your home or other real property is being used to make a significant financial decision, an appraisal helps. If you're selling your home, an appraisal helps you set the most appropriate value. If you're buying, it makes sure you don't overpay. If you're engaged in an estate settlement or divorce, it ensures that property is divided fairly. A home is often the single, largest financial asset anybody owns. Knowing its true value means you can the right financial decisions.
What exactly is PMI and how can I get rid of it? Back to top
PMI stands for Private Mortgage Insurance. It insures a lender against loss on homes purchased with a down-payment of less than 20%. Once equity in the home reaches 20% you can eliminate the PMI and start saving immediately.
How do I get ready for the appraiser? Back to top
The first step in most appraisals is the home inspection. During this process, the appraiser will come to your home and measure it, determine the layout of the rooms inside, confirm all aspects of the home's general condition, and take several photos of your house for inclusion in the report. The best thing you can do to help is make sure the appraiser has easy access to the exterior of the house. Trim any bushes and move any items that would make it difficult to measure the structure. On the inside, make sure that the appraiser can easily access items like furnaces and water heaters.
The following Items, if available, will help your appraiser to provide a more accurate appraisal in a shorter period of time:
A survey of the house and property.
A deed or title report showing the legal description.
A recent tax bill.
A list of personal property to be sold with the house if applicable.
A copy of the original plans.
What is ''Market Value?'' Back to top
Market value or fair market value is the most probable price that a property should bring (will sell for) in a competitive and open market under all conditions requisite to a fair sale, the buyer and seller, each acting prudently, knowledgeably and assuming the price is not affected by undue stimulus. Implicit in this definition is the consummation of a sale as of a specified date and the passing of title from seller to buyer under conditions whereby: (1) buyer and seller are typically motivated; (2) both parties are well informed or well advised; (3) a reasonable time is allowed for exposure to the open market; (4) payment is made in terms of cash in U.S. dollars or in terms of financial arrangements comparable thereto; and (5) the price represents the normal consideration for the property sold unaffected by special or creative financing or sales concessions granted by anyone associated with the sale.
Who Actually Owns the Appraisal Report? Back to top
In most real estate transactions, the appraisal is ordered by the lender. While the home buyer pays for the report as part of the closing costs, the lender retains the right to use the report or any information contained within. The home buyer is entitled to a copy of the report - it's usually included with all of the other closing documents - but is not entitled to use the report for any other purpose without permission from the lender.
The exception to this rule is when a home owner engages an appraiser directly. In these cases, the appraiser may stipulate how the appraisal can be used; for PMI removal, or estate planning or tax challenges, for example. If not stipulated otherwise, the home owner can use the appraisal for any purpose.
Fact Sheet: Hope for Homeowners Back to Top
HOPE for Homeowners will provide another resource to the Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) existing efforts to aid struggling homeowners. Under the program, borrowers having difficulty paying their mortgages will be eligible to refinance into FHA-insured mortgages they can afford.
For borrowers who refinance under HOPE for Homeowners, lenders will be required to "write down" the size of the mortgage to a maximum of 90 percent of the home's new appraised value. In many instances, lenders will determine that such a reduction in principal will allow them to avoid a costly foreclosure, while helping borrowers stay in their homes.
HUD strongly encourages borrowers to work with their current lender to determine if HOPE for Homeowners is the right program for them. Lenders should explore all options, including HOPE for Homeowners, before issuing foreclosure notices. For lenders, this voluntary program will serve as another loss mitigation tool that can be used to help families keep their homes.
Sustainable, Affordable Homeownership
HOPE for Homeowners will only offer 30-year fixed rate mortgages - so the borrower's last payment will be the same as the first payment. Further, this program will maintain FHA's long-standing requirement that new loans be based on a family's long-term ability to repay the mortgage. Only owner-occupants are eligible for FHA-insured mortgages.
Consistent with statutory requirements, borrowers must also meet the following criteria:
- Their mortgage must have originated on or before January 1, 2008;
- They cannot afford their current loan;
- They must have made a minimum of six full payments on their existing first mortgage and did not intentionally miss mortgage payments;
- They do not own a second home;
- Their mortgage debt-to-income must be at least 31 percent;
- They did not knowingly or willfully provide false information to obtain the existing mortgage, and they have not been convicted of fraud in the last 10 years;
- They must follow FHA's long-standing and strict policy of fully documented income and employment.
- Homeowners must agree to share both the equity created at the beginning of their new HOPE for Homeowners mortgage and any future appreciation in the value of their home.
- To participate, existing subordinate lenders must agree to release their outstanding mortgage liens.
The new HOPE for Homeowners mortgage payment must be at or below 31 percent of the borrower's income, unless there is "trial modification" period prior to loan application. A trial modification would give borrowers the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity and willingness to make a mortgage payment that does not exceed 38 percent of their monthly income.
Funding
FHA will insure up to $300 billion in new loans.
Program Timeline
The program will last from October 1, 2008 through September 30, 2011.
Voluntary Lender Participation
FHA will continue to offer lenders an alternative to foreclosing on borrowers. Similar to FHASecure, lenders will be required to write-down the outstanding mortgage principal balances to 90 percent of the new value of the property. In many cases, reductions in principle will cost lenders less than the losses associated with foreclosure.
Homeowners In Need Should Act Now
While lenders are gearing up to offer this new program, families should not wait to seek mortgage relief. Right now, homeowners can determine if they are already eligible for mortgage assistance through FHASecure. They can obtain information through any of the following options:
- Contact current lender
- Contact a local, HUD-approved housing counseling agency at HUD.gov;
- Contact the HOPE NOW Alliance at 1 (888) 995-HOPE; or
- Call FHA at 1 (800) CALL-FHA.
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